The Dark History of Anti-Gravity (Biggest Secret in Science)

Transcript

[Music] The year is 1915. World War I rages on. Ford manufactures its millionth Model T. And Einstein formulates general relativity. This changed gravity from a force to the curvature of a certain structure called spacetime, spurring a surge of interest and research into gravity and its effects.

However, what most people don't know is that this enthusiasm for relativity began to wne shortly after this 1915 breakthrough. The transition from a decadesl long season of inactivity to the so-called renaissance of general relativity is a tapestry woven from the threads of political intrigue, changing scientific norms, and a tale of two wealthy investors obsession with anti-gravity that changed the course of physics. The effects of which, much like spaceime itself, are still rippling to this day. My name is Kurt J. And on this channel, we explore theories of everything, primarily in podcast form from a theoretical physics perspective.

But today, we have something different. Hold on, because this is a tale of secrecy, flying saucers, and some of the biggest names in physics. This rabbit hole goes deep. [Music] In the period following World War II, a shift took place in the way physics was researched. In particular, regarding the then nent field of quantum gravity, the study of quantum gravity, a now trendy subject at the intersection of quantum field theory and general relativity, was not a popular choice among physicists at the time.

Other areas such as the behavior of particles like quarks and gluons held a more central place in theoretical physics discourse. This remained mainstream even until the 1980s where a physicist Marie Galman underscored this by exclusion. Galman in a famous talk outlined four problems in physics. Number one, why is there kirality? Number two, why are there three families? Number three, how many sets of Higs bosons are there? And lastly, why is it this particular group instead of some other simple or semi-simple one? Notice the conspicuous absence of quantum gravity as one of the most important unresolved problems according at least to one of the leading physicists of the day. Now, there are two major players in this story.

The first is Roger Babson. Born into a merchant family in 1875 Massachusetts, Roger Babson was a businessman and a writer. In fact, Babson was a highly successful businessman and the founder of Babson College as well as Babson Statistical Organization. His company pioneered financial forecasting and investment analysis, earning him pedigree in the business world for reasons that will become clear in a moment. Babson had a morbid fascination with gravity and in particular anti-gravity.

The second player in this story is Agnu Bansson, an industrialist born in North Carolina in 1915. Having grown his family's air conditioning business into a thriving aeronautical equipment company, Agnu wasn't a physicist, but developed an interest in gravitational physics later in life. Like Roger, he was intrigued by the concept of anti-gravity and its potential applications. Roger Babson and Agnu Bansson leveraged their wealth to influence the course of gravitational physics. Notice that I keep saying gravitational physics and not say general relativity.

The reason is that Roger and Agnu at least embionically were interested in modifications to Newton's laws as well as other accounts of gravity that weren't relegated to Einstein's formulation. For instance, Roger took the principle of action/reaction from Newton's third law as primary, even metaphysically relating it to consciousness, which as you could imagine, along with their interest in anti-gravity, made most researchers disincined to associate with them in the early stages. Babson unfortunately lost his older sister and grandson to drowning, which he attributed to gravity. Thus, his interest in this force wasn't mere curiosity, but rather a vendetta. Now, why did he ascribe the fault of drowning to gravity rather than to the myriad other potential contributors like H2O, the seizing up of muscles, or even the harmonic oscillator? I don't know.

However, we're lucky that he chose gravity as a target given that you and I are interested in this subject. And directly because of his vengeance, there's now a profusion of work that we can research and showcase in podcast form on this channel. All the way from loop quantum gravity to string theory to even alternative approaches to deriving general relativity from what doesn't look like spacetime such as Wolram's approach and others. Babson firmly believed that conquering gravity had the potential to revolutionize human life just as electricity had done some decades earlier. While Roger's impetus into grand unified theories was personal loss, as far as I can tell, Agnes was intellectual curiosity, much like you and myself.

In 1948, Babson established what's called the Gravity Research Foundation. This is important to this story and is a continuing thread in the development of modern theories of gravity. Babson's friend Thomas Edison apparently suggested the creation of the Gravity Research Foundation to Babson as a way to encourage and support scientific research related to gravity focusing on developing practical technologies to control gravity. In other words, anti-gravity. In the year of Einstein's death 1955, Agnu Banson on the other hand initiated the Institute for Field Physics at the University of North Carolina.

Both Agnes Institute and Rogers Foundation were hubs that attracted leading scientists from around the world to discuss problems related to gravitation and ultimately unified field theories. Note that there are two separate organizations that were initially independent, the Gravity Research Foundation and the Institute for Field Physics. There's usually a large point of confusion here and it's worth pointing out so that we're not befuddled because the names of the patrons involved also sound similar. So I'll try to annunciate when I can. There's Roger Babson and then there's Agnu Bansson.

Rather than using their last names, I'll attempt to use their first to avoid ambiguity. Their involvement wasn't just about giving out funds to universities. Both gentlemen played an active role in the research and their financial resources allowed certain universities to focus on these subjects. A subject which at the time was considered unfruitful and even fringe. So why did private individuals need to come in to fund research into gravitational physics? Why wasn't this being studied by academia much after the 1920s? A combination of world events and shifting academic furer to the quantum world.

The atomic bomb success, if we can even call it that, had nations investing heavily into atomic and subatomic physics. The private patronage of Roger and Agnu was unprecedented in physics. Remember, this is the 1950s. Most of the time when you wanted something funded academically, you sourced it from tuition or the government directly. Sure, there were donations here and there, but they didn't prescribe specific research directions.

Generally speaking, Roger Babson and Agnu Bansson are seinal in that regard. In fact, they meticulously selected the researchers and institutions to fund, focusing on those that shared their interest in gravitational physics along with other idiosyncratic qualities like radial distance from a major city sufficient enough to evade fallout from a nuclear bomb. Hey, this was the Cold War after all. Each of these organizations were involved in manifold activities including theoretical studies, experimental design and setup, data analysis, and even scientific communication. This latter point is especially the case with the Gravity Research Foundation's essay contest.

This is an annually organized essay competition open to physicists around the world. These essays actually continue on to this day and play a crucial role in this story. The winners of this contest were awarded cash prizes and a degree of prestige in the scientific community. At least that was the intention, though it didn't work out like that originally, and we'll talk more about that later. In other words, the story of post-war physics is often framed as this surge in federal spending on research, namely defense related agencies.

However, Babson and Bansson changed that. Their private funding induced research from outside the government. In particular, it did so for gravitational studies, which was actually by necessity since quote unquote gravity didn't align with the government's particle physics dominated focus. This is a theme Nam Chosky talks about in manufacturing consent. We tend to think that academics just pursue what they're interested in motivated purely by the love of truth and science.

However, professors are just like anyone else and they need and want payment and prestige. Thus, wherever the grants go, the research follows. The contest attracted a variety of participants, some of whom were already eminent in their field, while others were yet to make their mark. Notable participants and even winners include Cecile and Bryce Dit, Stanley Deser and Richard Arnowit, Philip Morrison and Thomas Gold, John Wheeler, Maurice Lace, Steven Hawking, Ilia Prigoene, and Roger Penrose. We'll get into each of these individuals as well as their research later.

Cecile and Bryce Dit play a pivotal role here as they helped legitimize the Gravity Research Foundation. Most intellectuals don't want to associate with something if they perceive other intellectuals distancing themselves from it. However, someone needed to be there at the inception of burgeoning Fields. In this case, it was the Dits. The physics enthusiasts among us know about Bryce Dit through the Wheeler Dit equation as well as because he was the popularizer of Everett's many worlds interpretation.

Some of you may even recognize the name Dit from Bioshock Infinite as the inspiration for the quantum mechanical explosion of multiverses and time travel was indeed Dit's research. Cecile and her husband Bryce spent their academic life aiming to unify all interactions akin to Einstein, though they had more of a quantum algebraic approach compared to Einstein's classical geometric one. What you may not know is that Bryce Dit's work gained considerable traction thanks to the resources and platform afforded to him by the Gravity Research Foundation. Topics explored in these contests ranged from the relationship between magnetism and gravity with some participants even echoing thoughts attributed to Nicola Tesla. While some others, including Oppenheimer, a physicist known for his role in the Manhattan Project, explored the cosmological implications for general relativity and the nature of singularities.

The notion that progress in the disjoint fields of particle physics and gravity could be achieved through a union of them was further reinforced by the victorious submission the following year. This time it was pinned by two post-doal researchers at the Institute for Advanced Study, namely Arnowit and Deser, both of whom were proter at Harvard. You may recognize their name as the AD in the ADM decomposition. However, their paper was a roose. It was submitted for fun and was nonsense.

This apparently upset Oppenheimer. Deser apologized to Oenheimer, stating, "The sin of the entry was to win when it was only meant to entertain." Nevertheless, the paper's concept that gravity could be transformed into nuclear energy was lauded by the less informed and eventually it caught the attention of military and industrial sources. The Gravity Research Foundation did not go without criticism. For instance, Martin Gardner, a renowned author of popular mathematics and science, wrote vuborative remarks, stating that the contest irresponsibly encourages radical ideals, calling it perhaps the most useless scientific project of the 20th century. Roger Babson wanted to create insulators, reflectors, and absorbers of gravity, much like how there exists such material for electromagnetism.

However, the nonlinearity of general relativity in contrast to the linearity of Maxwell's equations make it either not possible in practice or not possible in principle at least according to the standard theory. Why not? Well, in quantum mechanics, if you have two solutions, you can add them to form a third. Whereas, this doesn't work with the field equations of Einstein. Further, there's no negative mass to balance the positive mass and create a neutral object analogous to an electric insulator. In terms of particle physics, this is one of the reasons why the graviton isn't seen to have spin one.

Thirdly, there's no currently accepted way to quote unquote bounce a gravitational field off a surface, for instance. Sure, there are wormholes, but that's more like diverting rather than reflecting. Lastly, all known matter types are coupled to gravity. This makes an absorption mechanism difficult to even conceptualize. Now, keep in mind we don't have a so-called final theory and thus it's easy to come to the conclusion that all bets are off and anything is possible.

One should note that Joel Sherk showed in the late 1970s that extended supergravity naturally leads to anti-gravity. Further, almost all of the points above are contested, especially when it comes to the details because in condensed matter physics and when dealing with meta materials, there are plenty of exotic properties that can emerge. It should also be noted that gravity can be derived from matter dynamics rather than psychologically being seen as the a priori stage that matter plays on. Mathematically, contrary to the way the story is taught in undergrad, gravity is derived from the behavior of matter. That is, we tend to think of the Lorencian metric as coming afterward and giving rise to a playground for matter.

However, historically the way that it works is that you take Maxwell's matter so sacredly that you impose a Lorenzian structure and we luckily see that this is the stage that the rest of matter plays. It may be that there are new types of matter and the existence of these exotic fields will dictate a change in the geometry itself. This is called the principal polomial method. If you'd like to learn about the topics in this video, then a great place to start would be brilliant. Brilliant has courses on gravitational physics, electricity and magnetism, quantum objects, even quantum mechanics with Sabine Hosenfelder.

It's a place where even if you're entirely new to a subject, you can come to understand via bite-sized interactive learning experiences these esoteric topics that underly modern physics. On the theories of everything channel, there's plenty of technical talk on extended super symmetry and simplectic geometry which underly some attempts to unify gravity with other interactions. Also soon to come, space-time metric engineering, symmetric tip parallel gravity, transimon modifications to general relativity and a great place to ascertain the fundamentals of what was just said is brilliant. They even have courses on neural nets and statistics and sampling. Often when I want to learn about a subject, I'll take courses even on those I feel like I've mastered only for Brilliant to show me new ways of thinking about it.

This happened with their course on knowledge and uncertainty where information theory is taught and intuitive ways of thinking about the definition of entropy are shown to you. It's fruitful for me to know where certain unification attempts with gravity work and don't work. And Brilliant is a great place for me to patch up gaps in my knowledge, helping me conduct better podcasts and make more informed assessments. Visit brilliant.org/ org/toe. That's toe for 20% off your annual premium subscription.

As usual, I recommend you don't stop before four lessons. You just have to get wet. You have to try it out. And I think you'll be greatly surprised at the ease at which you can now comprehend subjects you previously had a difficult time groing. Let's get back to Agnu Bansson.

In addition to being an entrepreneur, Agnu was a private pilot with an interest in astronomy. In fact, Agnu was a participant in Operation Moon Watch. So, what is Operation Moonwatch? It was a program led by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory that encouraged amateur astronomers to track artificial satellites, a pursuit closely tied to the broader Cold War context. In other words, watch the skies. This may have fueled Agnes and Rogers fascination with anti-gravity and UFOs.

The interest in flying saucers held by both Roger and Agnu seemed eccentric to many, including Wheeler. However, it was Roger and Agnu's willingness to support alternative avenues of research that led to fresh perspectives in gravitational physics which we now enjoy. Because of the excoriation from Wheeler and others like Martin Gardner, Agnu had developed a protection clause which would accompany any publicity related to his institute. This clause made it clear that any work conducted at Agnu's Institute was not associated with anti-gravity and instead was based on the Newton Einstein analysis. Despite this, Agnu Banson privately remained steadfast in his pursuit of anti-gravity, even exploring the concept of electrogravidics and achieving lift with the help of his collaborator TT Brown.

It was a claim that piqued the interest of physicists. To verify these claims, Bryce Dit and other renowned physicists like Edward Teller were called upon to evaluate these devices, though they maintained a scientific stance and noted that the lift was likely due to electrostatic effects. Agnu was, after all, maintaining immense voltages across small distances. In fact, in another unexpected twist to this story, the poster child of string theory, Ed Witten, has a family involvement in this. His father Lewis Witten was involved with Bansson stating I went to visit him and visited his laboratory and the basic idea of his laboratory was he had a strong electrostatic field which was about 150,000 volts over the distance of about a meter and he had an operator operating this thing but I knew enough about experiments to know that this was not a very happy place because I know that for strong electrostatic fields there shouldn't be any sharp points around everything should be curved and nothing was curved.

Lewis Witten also indicated that Agnu started the Institute for Field Physics in particular for Bryce Dit. Perhaps he wanted some facade to get physicists like the duit to verify and even build his anti-gravity crafts. Companies like IBM, General Dynamics, and even Glenn Martin aircraft manufacturing company saw potential applications of anti-gravity technologies in their business. These corporations weren't just spectators. They were actively engaged.

Actually, it was Glenn Martin that after several mergers became what's now known as Loheed Martin. Gravitational physics was no longer just an academic pursuit. It had realworld applications that could irrevocably alter industry. You've heard of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. This is the place that was home to some of the greatest minds in history including Albert Einstein and Kurt Girdle.

It's also the current home of Ed Witten and Nema Arconi Hamemed and Juan Maldisena. Well, Glenn Martin of Loheed Martin inspired by Bansson and Babson aimed to create an industrial version of the Institute for Advanced Study. A place where theoretical discoveries could be applied to solve practical challenges. It was called the R IAS that is the research institute for advanced studies and it was established in 1955. Coming back into the fold, Ed Whitten's father Lewis Whitten was not only hired but helped connect people, organized workshops, and also arranged some of the funding for Glenn Martin's research institute at a time when this was extremely uncommon.

In fact, Lewis Witten was the only one in charge of finding research for the institute, identifying everyone who could potentially help with Martin's Institute and hiring them. Even Burkhardheim was contracted by the RAS. You may remember Heim from Gary Nolan's podcast on tow where Gary talked about him's theories. But basically this structure that he draws here at the end is a a visual representation of how when a certain structure is created at the top of it through these levels of organization consciousness would form because of it that then you could take away the underlying structure that form formed it and then this would continue to exist independently. If it's right, it means you could create an artificial intelligence which was in and of itself could become conscious.

Humans might someday be able to without using biology but using purely materialistic uh approaches build a sufficiently complex machine that creates an object with consciousness and a soul. That's fascinating. Heim was one of the first, if not the first, to posit that all interactions, gravity, em weak, and strong are unified in a higher dimensional uklidian space with extra so-called imaginary dimensions. This was prior even to Yang Mills. Apparently, Herman Vile said that the highest chance of anti-gravity lay with Heim's theories.

But unfortunately, after several attempts, I wasn't able to track down this source. If someone viewing this has the source of the text on screen, then please let me know and place it in the comments. While it wasn't said publicly, it was known through the grapevine that the Glen Martin company was interested in anti-gravity. Recall, you can think of the Glen Martin company as the predecessor to Loheed Martin. In Witten's words, there was a new thing in the wind at the time which was anti-gravity.

It was in the wind. I quickly learned that I should talk about gravity and that they would ask me about anti-gravity. And I'd say, "Well, we just learn about gravity. If there's anything to anti-gravity, it'll come along." MIT professor of the history of science David Kaiser along with University of Sydney professor of philosophy and physics Dean Rickles cataloged this and the links are in the description as well as links to all sources. Now, if this wasn't convoluted enough, Witten explicitly commented on potential anti-gravity materials, saying, "A guy in France was discovering that on the night of a new moon, a pendulum swung faster or slow.

A guy named Townsen discovered that there was a type of bismouth that was repelled instead of attracting." The uh first uh astrophysics symposium not only started this field of relativistic astrophysics but it ended a chapter which is a sort of interesting small chapter in the history of relativity. I'm referring to the worldwide craze that h that lasted for about 10 years in the discovery of anti-gravity. And I bring that in because that impacted on my life quite considerably. In the middle 1950s, I found myself after uh [Music] a different I should say uh youth than one might expect employed by the Martin Company. Now the Lockheed Martin Company which was mentioned by the dean earlier in the mid 1950s.

Then I found myself employed at the Martin Company with a rather weak PhD I would say. uh at the age of about 35 with a few children. There was a vice president of ideas that was not his title but his function was to bring the company into new eras. The company was building airplanes and building rockets. It ultimately built the Titan rocket which was used for many uh space vehicle flights.

The vice president had the idea which was to him a wonderful idea to develop anti-gravity. Of course, when he tried the when he tried the idea in public, you can imagine the greeting he was he received by the scientists. Let's sum up so far in five points. Number one, in 1915, Einstein publishes general relativity. Number two, since around the 1920s, work in gravity stagnates.

Number three, years later, from a personal interest in anti-gravity, Babson and Bansson started privately funding research into gravity around the 1950s. Number four, the reputation of these two organizations. So, the Gravity Research Foundation and the Institute for Field Physics grew as the duitits and other physicists associated themselves with it. Eventually, even mavens like Penrose and Hawking. Number five, private industry like the primaagenitors of Loheed Martin become involved with Babson by first being a donor and then second by creating an industryoriented clone of his institute.

The Institute for Field Physics held a monumental conference known as the Chapel Hill Conference in 1957. To explain why this was a huge deal in the history of gravity research, you have to know that if you look through the history of physics conferences, you'll find that after Einstein published general relativity, which recall was in 1915, that there was a distinct lack of gravity related conferences. Sure, there was the 1927 SV conference, but that was primarily regarding quantum mechanics. Thus the Chapel Hill conference organized by Agnu Bansson was the gravity conference to rival that of the SV conference. It was here that the gravity community came together and shaped the future of the field.

For many researchers, it was their first opportunity to interact with like-minded individuals who shared a passion for exploring the mysteries of gravity. For instance, this is where Witten and Fineman first met. The role of gravitation in physics was a report commissioned by the gravity research foundation. This report was a comprehensive survey of the state of gravitational physics highlighting the latest discoveries, ongoing challenges, and potential future directions. It took me quite some time to find, but I managed to get a digital reprint.

The report still reads well to this day, even though it was published well over half a century ago. As the 1960s approached, the relativity renaissance that Roger Babson and Agnu Bansson helped instigate was in full swing. Agnu's institute sponsored Peter Higgs while he was working on his now famous Higs Boson research. John Wheeler made critical contributions to black hole thermodynamics and the notion of quantum foam. The latter suggesting that spaceime at the smallest scales is subject to quantum fluctuations.

a step toward bridging quantum mechanics and general relativity that some still take today. In the 1960s and 70s, Stephven Hawking developed a series of significant results that broaden the horizons of theoretical physics. Notably, this stretch predates his more recognized work, such as the popular book, A Brief History of Time. Many of Hawkings ideas were disseminated first in essay form through this contest sponsored by the Gravity Research Foundation prior to appearing in full article form. Some even prior to the famous Penrose Hawking singularity theorems though Penrose published his first result in 1965.

So think about what this means. Hawking was popularized in part because of Babson's funding. We don't know the degree to which those nent ideas in Hawkings head were catalyzed into a rigorous form because he was allowed to be more speculative due to this contest. The same with other results. That is to say, without Babson and Bansson, who knows if we'd have the results of gravitational waves by Bondi and others in 1957 or 1958 with the ADM formalism, or 1960 with the gravitational wave detector being built, which was eventually improved and refined leading to the creation of LIGO or 1961, Reggie Calculus, which is a discrete approximation to general relativity that replaces the continuous spacetime with a simplicial complex.

or in 1962 the Bondi Saxs formalism which analyzes the asmtoic structure of spaceime at null infinity allowing for the study of gravitational radiation and energy loss in general relativity or 1963 the famous Kerr solution or the singularity theorem of 1965 along with the Ray Chowdery equation or later on with computational methods of numerical relativity and black hole mechanics in 1971 with Brandon Carter in 1973 with the Hawking entropy with Beckinstein or 1974 with Hawking radiation that is Hawking predicted that black holes should radiate as if they were black bodies at a certain temperature. This theoretical prediction provides a link between general relativity, quantum mechanics and thermodynamics. During the postcold war period, the study of gravity underwent a tremendous shift with theorists increasingly favoring string theoretic approaches as not only a potential solution to a particular physics problem, but instead string theory was seen as the solution to the primary physics problem called quantum gravity. Notice the shift. Agnu Bansson's life was intrinsically tied to his quest to understand gravity.

But in a merless, merciless jest of destiny, the very force he sought to understand would play a part in his untimely demise. Bansson died from a plane crash and burned at Worooster airport. Banson, a man who dedicated his existence to dissecting and directing gravity, was ironically vanquished by the very force he dared to defy. This lineage was instrumental in spawning a community of researchers including notable figures such as Roger Penrose, Roy Kerr, Jurgen Ellers, and the others listed on screen. Their research into gravity has unmistakably deepened our understanding of the universe.

A testament to the enduring impact of Babson and Benson. In the end, the patrons audacious bets paid off in unexpected directions. They may or may not have found a way to control gravity. But they did what's even more significant. They ignited an intellectual inferno that changed the face of physics forever.

For this reason, we remember those who started the unassuming gravity research foundation and the Institute for Field Physics. They weren't mere businessmen or enthusiasts. Instead, they were the unlikely pioneers of the gravitational physics revolution. In the words of professor of physics and history Dean Rickles, he states, "Without the bizarre serendipitous confluence of ignorance about gravity, wealthy gravity afficionados, post-war scientific conditions, which were established by the creation of the atomic bomb, and desperate gravity experts in search of funds. It is clear that gravitational research, LIGO very much included, would have been set back by decades.

While scraped from multiple sources, this work is primarily based off of Dean Rickles and David Kaiser's work into the history of gravity. Links to the sources are in the description, including Rick's interview of Lewis Witten, David Kaiser's dissertation on gravity, as well as their joint work. If you enjoyed this disquisition and want to see more, I was thinking of doing others in a similar style. The ones that I'm toying with are the history of E8 in physics. Another one may be a modern survey of ads CFT correspondents.

Another one that excites me because I'd love to research it is who was Alexander Growth and then another one that also excites me is the full standard model of Granian explained in 10 minutes. Let me know which of these you want most, or if you have a different suggestion, make sure to leave it in the comments so that others can vote and comment on your comment. I'd also like to thank all of the patrons. The patrons, you patrons, you who donate, help bring this to people at zero cost. You help support this channel.

You help support me. I'm extremely grateful and I just want to thank you. Thank you to all the patrons. If you would like to become a patron, feel free to visit patreon.com/kurtjongle and donate whatever you like. Regardless, thank you to all the patrons.

Thank you to you who are watching. Thank you and have a great day. The podcast is now concluded. Thank you for watching. If you haven't subscribed or clicked on that like button, now would be a great time to do so, as each subscribe and like helps YouTube push this content to more people.

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